Impact of Yuyetang on Cognitive Impairment of Rats with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Regulation of Ghrelin Level / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the regulatory effect of Yuyetang on Ghrelin level in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）-induced cognitive impairment （DCI） and explore the pathway in the prevention and treatment of DCI. MethodThe T2DM model was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ） combined with the high-fat and high-sugar diet （STZ）. The model rats were divided into model group， metformin group （200 mg·kg-1）， and low-，medium-， and high-dose Yuyetang groups（4.575，9.15， 18.3 g·kg-1）according to the blood glucose， with 10 rats in each group. A normal group was also set up. The rats were administered with corresponding drugs by gavage for 30 days， and the body weight and blood glucose of the rats in each group were observed and recorded. After drug intervention， the learning and memory abilities of rats were tested by the Morris water maze. After the test， the whole brains of rats were sampled for hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining to observe the pathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region， and the expression of Ghrelin in gastric tissues and hippocampal CA1 region was detected by immunohistochemistry. ResultCompared with the normal group ， the model group showed increased blood glucose（P<0.01），reduced body weight（P<0.01），prolonged escape latency（P<0.05，P<0.01）， shortened retention time and movement distance in the target area，decreased number of platform crossings（P<0.01）， abnormal morphology and structure of cells with disordered arrangement and reduced number in the hippocampal CA1 region， and decreased expression of Ghrelin in the serum，hippocampal CA1 region， and gastric tissues（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the medium- and high-dose Yuyetang groups showed increased body weight， while all Yuyetang groups showed reduced blood glucose（P<0.01）， shortened escape latency （P<0.05）， prolonged retention time and movement distance in the target area，increased platform crossings （P<0.05， P<0.01）， improved morphology and structure of cells， increased number of normal cell in the hippocampal CA1 region， and elevated Ghrelin levels in the serum， gastric tissues， and hippocampal CA1 region（P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionYuyetang can effectively improve the cognitive ability of DCI rats， and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of Ghrelin levels in the serum， hippocampal CA1 region， and gastric tissues.

Capacity of cognitive control in patients with cerebral small vessel disease / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the capacity of cognitive control(CCC) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD) and explore the relationship between CCC and cognitive function in CSVD, and to assess the predict value of CCC on the occurrence of CSVD.Methods:Twenty-two patients with CSVD and twenty-three healthy controls were enrolled.All of them completed the majority function task-masked (MFT-M) and a set of neuropsychological tests.Neuropsychological test was performed by Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), verbal fluency test (VFT), Chinese auditory learning test (CAVLT), symbol digit modalities test (SDMT), digital span (DS), Stroop color word test (SCWT), color trail test (CTT) and Modified Boston naming test (Modified BNT). The predict value of CCC for the occurrence of CSVD was assessed with logistic regression analysis.Results:CCC of patients with CSVD was lower than that of healthy control ((2.97±0.72)bps vs (3.53±0.62)bps, t=-2.704, P=0.01). Between patients with CSVD and healthy control, there were significant differences in MoCA ((22.24±4.58 vs (24.86±2.42), t=-2.334, P=0.026), VFT-animal (12(6) vs 15(6), Z=-2.965, P=0.003), VFT-vegetables and fruits ((13.79±3.81) vs (18.27±4.13), t=-3.592, P=0.001), CAVLT-immediate ((7.45±2.18) vs (9.11±2.08), t=-2.502, P=0.017), CAVLT-short term delay ((7.20±3.32) vs (10.76±3.08), t=-3.564, P=0.001), CAVLT-long term delay ((7.30±3.16) vs (10.29±3.18), t=-3.012, P=0.005), SDMT ((15.95±5.49) vs (23.41±12.73), t=-2.513, P=0.018), CTT-A (85.17(42.60) vs 55.50(52.65), Z=-2.965, P=0.003), CTT-B ((200.69±71.35) vs (132.44±53.66), t=3.556, P=0.001), and CTT-B-A ((104.13±53.31) vs (65.20±35.98), t=2.819, P=0.007). But there was no significant difference in VFT-word begin with Chinese character"water"((3.68±2.63) vs (5.44±2.71), t=-1.940, P=0.061), CAVLT-recognition (14(3) vs 14(4), Z=-0.524, P=0.601), DS-forward (7.0(3.0) vs 5.5(2.0), Z=-0.152, P=0.880), DS-backward (4(1) vs 4(2), Z=-1.044, P=0.297), SCWT ((9.50±9.28) vs (5.94±10.47), t=1.123, P=0.268), Modified BNT (14.0(3.0) vs 13.5(3.0), Z=-0.727, P=0.467) between CSVD patients and healthy controls.In patients with CSVD, CCC was positively correlated with scores of MoCA ( r=0.551, P=0.010) and also with DS-forward ( r=0.532, P=0.013) and SCWT ( r=-0.487, P=0.040). Logistic regression analysis showed that CCC was an important variable in predicting the possibility of CSVD ( B=-1.318, P=0.019, OR=0.268, 95% CI (0.089-0.808)). Conclusion:Compared with the healthy control, CCC in patients with CSVD decreases significantly and CCC is related to the cognitive impairment.CCC can predict the possibility of CSVD.

Correlation of empathy with cognitive function in patients with cerebral small vessel disease / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the empathy of patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and its relationship with cognitive functions.Methods:A total of 35 patients with CSVD and 26 normal controls with matching gender, age and education were enrolled.The Chinese version of the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI-C) and the multifaceted empathy test(MET) were used to assess the empathy of the participants.The montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA), the Hamilton anxiety scale(HAMA), and the Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) were applied to assess participants' overall cognitive function and emotional state.SPSS 19.0 software was used to analyze the differences between the CSVD group and the control group, while the influencing factors of empathy were studied by Pearson correlation analysis.Results:The total scores of IRI, perspective taking(PT), fantasy(FS) and empathy concern(EC) of CSVD patients ((37.25±11.71), (6.94±4.35), (9.45±4.68) and (16.40±4.34)) were lower than those of the control group ((50.61±11.07), (11.84±3.90), (13.23±5.01), (19.69±3.03)), and the differences were statistically significant (IRI score: t=4.506, P<0.05.PT: t=4.539, P<0.05.FS: t=3.021, P<0.05.EC: t=3.308, P<0.05). The personal distress(PD) scores of CSVD group were (4.68±4.16), while(6.00±4.69) in control group, and the difference was not significant ( t=1.154, P>0.05). The MET-C results showed that there was a difference in the correct number of empathic emotion recognition between the two groups(CVSD group: (25.08±6.77), control group: (32.30±3.42), t=4.978, P<0.05), however, there was no significant difference between the two groups in emotional empathy scores ( t=1.390, P>0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the total score of IRI and PT in the CSVD group were positively correlated with education level ( r=0.374, 0.471, both P<0.05). PT was positively correlated with MoCA score ( r=0.458, P=0.006). PD was positively correlated with HAMA score and HAMD score ( r=0.521, 0.541, both P<0.05). The correct number of emotion recognition was positively correlated with education level ( r=0.600, P<0.001) and MoCA score ( r=0.665, P<0.001), and negatively correlated with HAMA score( r=-0.445, P<0.05) and HAMD score ( r=-0.421, P<0.05). Conclusion:The empathy of patients with CSVD is lower than that of the normal group, and it is manifested as a decline in cognitive empathy, which is positively related to the overall cognitive function.

Relatioship between childhood witnessing domestic violence and injury and violence of college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of witnessing domestic violence,and to explore the relationship between witness domestic violence in childhood and college students’ injury and violence behaviors.@*Methods@#In October 2018, self-made questionnaire on “Health and Risky Behaviors among University Students in Anhui Province” was conducted among 4 034 college students from 4 universities in Hefei. Multivariate Logistic regression models (control of confounding factors) were used to explore the impact of childhood witnessing domestic violence on college students’ injury and violence.@*Results@#Among 4 034 college students,the prevalence of witnessing domestic emotional violence,mild physical violence and severe physical violence in childhood was 27.6%,22.4%,10.7%,respectively. Univariate analysis showed that students with experiences of witness domestic emotional violence,mild physical violence and severe physical violence had higher rates of self-injury,physical,emotional,and sexual violence compared to those without domestic violence witness(P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that witnessing domestic severe physical violence,emotional violence in childhood associated positively with self-harm (OR=1.53,95%CI=1.05-2.23; OR=2.15,95%CI=1.51-3.04) and emotional violence (OR=1.65,95%CI=1.16-2.35; OR=2.57,95%CI=1.87-3.53). Witnessing domestic severe physical violence showed positive association with physical violence (OR=4.99,95%CI=2.58-9.62) and sexual violence (OR=8.68,95%CI=3.30-22.81) among college students (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The experiences of witness domestic violence can increases the risk of college student’s injury and violence behaviors,especially witness domestic severe physical violence.

The role of complement signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica / 中华眼底病杂志

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a kind of demyelinating disorder that preferentially affects the optic nerves and spinal cord and results in permanent vision loss.NMO pathogenesis is thought to involve binding of anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) auto-antibodies to astrocytes,which causes complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and downstream inflammation leading to oligodendrocyte and neuronal injury.Vasculocentric deposition of activated complement is a prominent feature of NMO pathology.In recent years,a number of groups have found complements play an important role in the pathogenesis of NMO,and basic researches in NMO therapy due to its specificity and uniformity.Its inhibition would protect against proteins in the classical complement pathway so that cure the disease.This review will expound the the role of complement signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of NMO,and provide reference for a more in-depth understanding and clinical treatments of NMO.

Development and validation of Cerebral Hemorrhage Patient Nursing Outcomes Classification Assessment Scale / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To develop an instrument for measuring nursing outcomes classification in Chinese cerebral hemorrhage patient and test its reliability and validity. Methods Based on Nursing Outcomes Classification , the primary item pool was formulated through literature review, semi-structured interviews and group meeting, the items were selected by expert consultation. Totally 186 elderly adults were selected to test the reliability and validity. Results The final scale consisted of 5 dimensions and 34 items. The content validity index of the total scale was 0.912, the content validity index of each item was 0.833-1.000. Exploratory factor analysis extracted five common factors and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 63.189%; and the correlation coefficient between the total scale and each dimension were 0.760-0.874. The correlation coefficient of Stroke-Specific Quality of Life between total scale and each dimension were 0.789, 0.568-0.659. The Cronbach α was 0.960 for the total scale, the Cronbach α of dimensions were 0.858-0.932. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the scale and each dimension were 0.965, 0.885-0.935. Conclusions Cerebral Hemorrhage Patient Nursing Outcomes Classification Assessment Scale has good reliability and validity, which can be used to evaluate cerebral hemorrhage.

Development and validation of Cerebral Hemorrhage Patient Nursing Outcomes Classification Assessment Scale / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To develop an instrument for measuring nursing outcomes classification in Chinese cerebral hemorrhage patient and test its reliability and validity.@*Methods@#Based on Nursing Outcomes Classification, the primary item pool was formulated through literature review, semi-structured interviews and group meeting, the items were selected by expert consultation. Totally 186 elderly adults were selected to test the reliability and validity.@*Results@#The final scale consisted of 5 dimensions and 34 items. The content validity index of the total scale was 0.912, the content validity index of each item was 0.833-1.000. Exploratory factor analysis extracted five common factors and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 63.189%; and the correlation coefficient between the total scale and each dimension were 0.760-0.874. The correlation coefficient of Stroke-Specific Quality of Life between total scale and each dimension were 0.789, 0.568-0.659. The Cronbach α was 0.960 for the total scale, the Cronbach α of dimensions were 0.858-0.932. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the scale and each dimension were 0.965, 0.885-0.935.@*Conclusions@#Cerebral Hemorrhage Patient Nursing Outcomes Classification Assessment Scale has good reliability and validity, which can be used to evaluate cerebral hemorrhage.

Expression of NUSAP1 and its relationship with prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective@#To investigate the expression of nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1 (NUSAP1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and analyze its relationship with the prognosis of NSCLC patients.@*Methods@#Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining were performed to determine the expression of NUSAP1 in NSCLC tissues and adjacent tissues collected from hospital. The relationship between NUSAP1 expression and prognosis of NSCLC patients was analyzed by online database.@*Results@#The expression level of NUSAP1 mRNA in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that of adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The high expression rate of NUSAP1 protein in NSCLC tissues was 58.0% (29/50), significantly higher than 22.0% (11/50) of adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The high expression of NUSAP1 protein in NSCLC tissues was closely correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (P<0.05), but was not related to age and gender. The data showed that the expression level of NUSAP1 mRNA was inversely associated with the overall survival (OS) of NSCLC patients (P<0.001). The expression of NUSAP1 mRNA was significantly correlated with the pathological grade, clinical stage, gender, chemotherapy, smoking history, and histological type of NSCLC patients (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The expression of NUSAP1 is up-regulated in NSCLC, which is correlated with the growth and development of NSCLC and prognosis of the patients. These results indicate that NUSAP1 can be used as a potential prognostic marker for NSCLC.

Correlation of serum aquaporin 4 antibodies and condition and visual prognosis in patients with severe neuromyelitis optica spectral disorders / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To observe the correlation of serum aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibodies and condition and visual prognosis in patients with severe neuromyelitis optica spectral disorders (NMOSD). Methods Fifty NMOSD patients with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in at least one eye were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. There were 12 males and 38 females. The age ranged from 17 to 65 years, with the mean of (39.86±2.02) years. The patients were divided into two groups according to the serum AQP4-IgG status. The ophthalmologic examination, serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody detection and vision prognosis were compared and analyzed. Glucocorticoid therapy was delivered to 46 patients who were within 1 month of onset. The visual acuity of the patients after treatment was divided into complete recovery, partial recovery, stabilization and reduction, and the visual acuity of the two groups were analyzed. Results Among 50 patients, there were 30 (60%) seropositive patients (positive group), 20 (40%) seronegative patients (negative group). The positive group had significantly higher ratio of female to male (P=0.004), and more binocular optic neuritis (ON) (P=0.010) compared with the negative group. More recurrence ON were also found in the positive group, but without statistic difference between two groups (P=0.167). There was no difference of age, course, and vision damage degrees and abnormal orbital MRI scanning between two groups (P>0.05). Among 24 patients who underwent serum ANA detection in the positive group, 8 patients were positive. All of 18 patients who underwent serum ANA detection in the negative group were negative. The difference of the ratio of serum ANA positive patients between two groups was significant (P=0.030). Serum MOG antibody detection in the positive group was negative (0/10). Sixteen patients who underwent MOG antibody detection in negative group, 4 patients were positive. After treatment, there were 23.3%, 23.3%, 53.3% patients with vision of complete recovery, partial recovery and reduction in the positive group; 25.0%, 30.0%, 25.0% patients with vision of complete recovery, partial recovery and reduction in the negative group, respectively. There was no difference in proportion of vision with complete recovery and partial recovery between two groups (P=0.163, 0.607), but significant difference was observed in proportion of vision with stabilization and reduction between two groups (P=0.021, 0.048). Conclusions The positive serum AQP4 antibody is common in patients with severe NMOSD. The patients with AQP4 antibody in the serum are more likely combined with immunological serological markers and poor vision prognosis.

The inhibitory effect of PNS on brain 3-NT formation in vitro / 天津医药

Objective To study the inhibitory effect of panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) formation in brain induced by heme/NO2 -/H2O2 or ONOO - pathways in vitro. Methods According to the two major pathways of 3-NT formation in vivo, the models of protein nitration induced by heme/NaNO2/H2O2 or ONOO-system were established, respectively, in vitro. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)/rat plasma protein or rat brain homogenate protein were utilized as reactive substrates in both systems. Samples were divided into blank-control group, 3-NT group and PNS group (including low-, medium-and high-concentration subgroups). In 3-NT group, samples were exposed to heme/NaNO2/H2O2 or ONOO-system, respectively, at 37℃for 30 min, whereas in PNS group, samples were pre-incubated with PNS (at final concentrations of 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 200 mg/L) at 37℃for 5 min before the nitrating system exposure. The 3-NT level in each group was detected by Western blot assy. Results Compared with the blank-control group, both heme/NaNO2/H2O2 and ONOO-system can induce significant 3-NT generation in BSA/rat plasma protein or rat brain homogenate protein (P0.05). Medium- and high-concentrations of PNS pre-treatment markedly inhibited 3-NT accumulation, with maximum effect at the concentration of 200 mg/L (P<0.05). Conclusion Medium- and high-concentrations of PNS can inhibit 3-NT formation in brain tissue mediated by either heme/NO2-/H2O2 or ONOO-pathways, implying that potential neuroprotective action against 3-NT involves pathological conditions, like trauma, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Correlation of serum aquaporin 4 antibodies and condition and visual prognosis in patients with severe neuromyelitis optica spectral disorders / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To observe the correlation of serum aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibodies and condition and visual prognosis in patients with severe neuromyelitis optica spectral disorders (NMOSD). Methods Fifty NMOSD patients with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in at least one eye were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. There were 12 males and 38 females. The age ranged from 17 to 65 years, with the mean of (39.86±2.02) years. The patients were divided into two groups according to the serum AQP4-IgG status. The ophthalmologic examination, serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody detection and vision prognosis were compared and analyzed. Glucocorticoid therapy was delivered to 46 patients who were within 1 month of onset. The visual acuity of the patients after treatment was divided into complete recovery, partial recovery, stabilization and reduction, and the visual acuity of the two groups were analyzed. Results Among 50 patients, there were 30 (60%) seropositive patients (positive group), 20 (40%) seronegative patients (negative group). The positive group had significantly higher ratio of female to male (P=0.004), and more binocular optic neuritis (ON) (P=0.010) compared with the negative group. More recurrence ON were also found in the positive group, but without statistic difference between two groups (P=0.167). There was no difference of age, course, and vision damage degrees and abnormal orbital MRI scanning between two groups (P>0.05). Among 24 patients who underwent serum ANA detection in the positive group, 8 patients were positive. All of 18 patients who underwent serum ANA detection in the negative group were negative. The difference of the ratio of serum ANA positive patients between two groups was significant (P=0.030). Serum MOG antibody detection in the positive group was negative (0/10). Sixteen patients who underwent MOG antibody detection in negative group, 4 patients were positive. After treatment, there were 23.3%, 23.3%, 53.3% patients with vision of complete recovery, partial recovery and reduction in the positive group; 25.0%, 30.0%, 25.0% patients with vision of complete recovery, partial recovery and reduction in the negative group, respectively. There was no difference in proportion of vision with complete recovery and partial recovery between two groups (P=0.163, 0.607), but significant difference was observed in proportion of vision with stabilization and reduction between two groups (P=0.021, 0.048). Conclusions The positive serum AQP4 antibody is common in patients with severe NMOSD. The patients with AQP4 antibody in the serum are more likely combined with immunological serological markers and poor vision prognosis.

Pleiotropic protective effects of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ in intracerebral hemorrhage / 国际脑血管病杂志

Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) belongs to a nuclear receptor superfamily. Many studies have shown that PPARγ can help to improve the outcome of cerebrovascular disease. PPARγ can reduce inflammatory response, oxidative stress as wel as enhance the hematoma removal abilities of microglia and macrophages, and it plays an important protective role in intracerebral hemorrhage.

Prokaryotic expression of Staphylococcus aureus Clumping factor B and evaluation of the antiserum-mediated opsonic activity / 生物工程学报

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of hospital-acquired infection. Because the bacteria are very easy to become resistant to antibiotics, vaccination is a main method against S. aureus infection. Clumping factor B (ClfB) is an adhesion molecule essential for S. aureus to colonize in the host mucosa and is regarded as an important target antigen. In this study, we successfully used Escherichia coli to express a segment encoding the N1-N3 regions of ClfB protein (Truncated-ClfB) cloned from S. aureus. The protein was purified by affinity and ion exchange chromatographies and gel filtration. Rabbits were immunized three times with purified Truncated-ClfB. After that, blood was collected to prepare serum which were then used for measurement of antibody level. Phagocytosis of S. aureus opsonized by the serum was determined by a flow cytometry. Results show that the serum IgG titer reached 1:640 000. Phagocytosed S. aureus by polymorphonuclear leukocytes were significantly more when the bacteria were opsonized by the serum from Truncated-ClfB immunized rabbits than those from no immunized group (P < 0.01). Therefore, the results indicated that Truncated-ClfB could be a promising vaccine candidate against S. aureus infection.

Expression,purification and identification of I278T-mutant human cystathionine βsynthase / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the expression and purification I278T-mutant human cystathionineβsynthase(CBS) in E . coli .Methods Site-directed mutagenesis by overlap extension using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to construct mutant plasmids pGEX4T-1-CBS(I278T) ,which was induced and expressed in a medium containing 3% ethanol ,purified by affinity chromatography to obtain mutated CBS (I278T) protein .The activity ,UV-visible absorption spectroscopy ,protein particle size and Zeta potential of the purified protein were measured .Results Plasmid pGEX4T-1-CBS(I278T) was successfully constructed .The yield ,the specific activity and activity recovery of purified mutant CBS (I278T ) protein were 2 .3 mg/L ,21 .4 U/mg and 22 .6% .S-adenosylmethionine(AdoMet) with final concentration of 1 mmol/L showed no activation toward mutant CBS (I278T) protein .Ac-cording to UV-visible absorption spectroscopy analysis ,purified mutant CBS(I278T) had characteristic absorption peaks at 429 nm and 550 nm for heme-binding proteins .Protein average particle size was 7 .5 -10 .1 nm ,mainly in the form of tetramers ,and Zeta potential was - 16 .3 mV .Conclusion The methods of expression ,purification and identification of I278T-mutant human cystathionineβsynthase in E .coli were successfully established .